Mesenchymal stem cells are present in all adult bone marrows and have excellent regenerative differentiation properties, and decrease in number with the age of the adult, which can be obtained from different tissue sources such as bone marrow, umbilical cord, placenta, fat, etc. Many current studies have shown that these stem cells do indeed lead the repair and regeneration of many organs and tissues in the body, and as one of the reasons is the decline in the number of stem cells.

In general, stem cells have the ability to renew themselves, and mesenchymal stem cells are no exception. For the vast majority of cells, each cell divides the same daughter cells, so cell division increases the number of cells. However, stem cells have a very special rotation, called asymmetric division, that is, stem cells are not divided to produce two identical daughter cells, but to produce a stem cell and a precursor cell, also known as temporary proliferation cells, so that the number of intermediate stem cells in the adult body can be maintained. The temporary proliferative cells produced in asymmetric division are responsible for differentiation into the cells needed to repair a wide variety of tissues and organs.
Many scientists have found that, in addition to bone marrow, mesenchymal stem cells are derived from many other tissues, including myelin, fluid tissue in joints, and fat extracted during cosmetic surgery. Recently, some scientists have gone a step further and pointed out that mesenchymal stem cells are highly likely to exist in all human tissues, and their presence is related to the maintenance of tissues and organs. In many organ tissues, cell aging and apoptosis must be supplemented, and these mesenchymal stem cells are likely to play a very important role in maintaining the determination of organ tissue and in the renewal and replenishment of cells.

In addition to the sources in these adults, mesenchymal stem cells can also be obtained from cord blood. Laboratory results show that the mesenchymal stem cells derived from cord blood proliferation and differentiation ability are good, in addition to the middle embryo layer tissue cells, but also can be differentiated into nerve cells from the outer embryo layer, these nerve cells in vitro do have a variety of mature nerve cells functional performance.

Besides, mesenchymal stem cells can also be differentiated into liver cells originating from the inner embryo layer, these differentiated liver cells have a variety of normal liver cells should be functional, including the creation of albumin, storage of liver sacin, metabolism of nitrogen-containing waste, detoxification and so on. It is not difficult to imagine that this discovery may bring new dawns for the treatment of various liver diseases, such as viral hepatitis, which often causes cirrhosis and liver cancer, and the potential of mesenchymal stem cells to treat liver disease is becoming increasingly appreciated.

In recent years, with the rapid progress of molecular biology and cell biology, the research of mesenchymal stem cells has also advanced rapidly. Since the late 1990s, when the method of separation of mesenchymal stem cells from human bone marrow was determined, many animal experiments and preclinical studies have led to the application of mesenchymal stem cells into clinical treatment.

In addition, in many cases of organ transplantation, one of the most common symptoms is the rejection of the recipient by the transplanted tissue (GraftVersus Host Disease, GVHD). GVHD occurs because immune cells in transplanted tissue, mainly the tissue of The recipient of T lymphocyte attacks, are clinically difficult to treat for some severe GVHD.

In recent years, basic research on mesenchymal stem cells has found that mesenchymal stem cells not only differentiate into a wide variety of tissue cells, they also have immune regulation function, can effectively regulate and inhibit T lymphocytes.

Because mesenchymal stem cells have unique repair capabilities and immune regulation function, they can drive themselves to repair areas where tissues are damaged. Clinically used in cell therapy, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.



Mesenchymal stem cells have four properties:
-Specific surface antigens
Inhibit T cells and regulate CD4+ and CD8+
-Can differentiate into mesoderm tissue
Such as: bone, cartilage, fat, blood vessels, muscle, etc
-With immune-modulatory function

The intrinsic water-soluble factor was used to decompose the metabolite - adhesion
They tend to stick to gelatinous substances and petri dishes
Clinically, the functions of mesenchymal stem cells are:
(1) Help restore and repair the injured tissue; (2) help Hemopoetic stem cells to be transplanted into the recipient successfully; (3) regulate the immune response after transplantation.